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BACK GLOSSARY
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B C D
E F G
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N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
EKG
Abbreviation for electrocardiogram. A test in which a graphic record is produced to record the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormal transmission of the heart impulses through the conductive tissues of the heart muscles. An EKG allows diagnosis of specific cardiac abnormalities. Leads are affixed to certain points on the patient's chest, usually with an adhesive gel that promotes transmission of the electric impulse to the recording device. The patient is positioned lying down on his/her back on an examining table and asked to lie quietly during the test. It takes approximately a half hour to complete the test,
EMG
Abbreviation for an electromyograph. An examination of the nervous system which determines to what extent nerves and muscles have been irritated or damaged. The physician, usually a physiatrist, conducts this exam by placing small needles in various muscle groups of the affected area. A stimulus can be sent through the needle which evokes a response in the muscle. This response, recorded on a graph, measures any changes to the nerves. New and old damage can be separated and the exact nerves affected can often be identified.
Endorphins
Compounds occurring naturally in the brain acting upon the central and peripheral nervous system to reduce pain. Endorphin release is stimulated by aerobic exercise.
Epidural Block
An injection which can be used as a treatment as well as a diagnostic tool to help locate the source of pain. The test is conducted in the Radiology Department by an anesthesiologist, physiatrist, or an orthopedist. The patient is also evaluated before and after the test by either the physician, nurse, or physical therapist. As the patient lies on his/her stomach, the physician anesthetizes either the lumbar or tailbone area. This procedure is similar to a novocaine injection given by a dentist. Another needle is then injected into the appropriate area and injections of various medications are given. At times, the physician may use a dye to help trace the flow of medication. The procedure takes approximately 30 minutes. The patient should alert the physician or nurse if allergic to shellfish, iodine, cortisone, or anesthetic.
Extruded Disc
A specific type of herniated disc in which a large amount of disc material breaks through the outer rings of the annulus into the spinal canal, usually causing extreme pressure on the nerve root.
Facet Block
A diagnostic and therapeutic procedure done to determine how much pain is coming from the facet joints, and also to relieve pain.
Facet Joints
The overlapping of bony projections occurring when two vertebrae are placed on top of one another. They function to guide and restrict movement of the spine. Joints are surrounded by capsules which contain fluid and fibrous tissues. The capsules provide protection and lubrication to the bony surfaces of the joints.
First Aid
Referred to as methods or techniques a patient can employ to relieve painful symptoms arising from pain.
Flexion-Extension X-Rays
Done to determine the quality of motion in the lumbar spine. While standing, the patient is asked to bend forward, with a rounded back, as far as possible. As the patient holds this position, an x-ray is taken. Patients are asked to go to the limit of motion in both directions so that the physicians can obtain accurate information. Patients may support themselves with hands to prevent pain, if necessary. The exam takes approximately 20 minutes.
Foley Catheter
Tube placed into the bladder to drain urine.
Foramen
Intervertebral Foramen (foramina pl.). The hole created when two vertebrae are placed together. As a spinal nerve branches from the spinal cord, it exits through this hole and travels to muscle.
Fusion
A surgical procedure joining two or more spinal vertebrae, performed to stabilize a segment(s) of the spinal column. Bone graft is usually taken from one of the patient's iliac crests or from a bone bank, and packed around the joint surfaces of the vertebrae being fused. Bone chips may be used alone or in conjunction with metal fixation devices.
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